The escalating pollution levels in Pakistan’s largest cities, Karachi and Lahore, have thrust them into the global spotlight as they rank among the world’s most polluted urban centers. As of October 2024, Karachi is the second most polluted city globally, with an Air Quality Index (AQI) reading of 198, while Lahore ranks third with a reading of 192. These figures underscore the severe health and environmental challenges these cities face as winter approaches, traditionally a time when pollution levels spike across South Asia.
Air Quality Index (AQI) Reaches Alarming Levels
The AQI measures air quality by assessing the concentration of harmful particles, such as PM2.5 and PM10, in the atmosphere. A reading between 151 and 200 is categorized as “unhealthy,” while a range of 201 to 300 is considered even more harmful, posing significant health risks. New Delhi, India, tops the list of most polluted cities, with an AQI reading of 252, marking the hazardous conditions that people in the region face. These cities are now entering the winter season, a period notorious for exacerbating pollution levels due to atmospheric changes.
The Impact of Winter on Air Quality
Experts explain that as winter arrives, the air becomes denser, pushing pollutants closer to the ground and trapping them at lower atmospheric levels. This leads to the formation of a dense layer of polluted particles, primarily composed of carbon, smoke, and other toxic emissions. Factories, vehicles, and the burning of coal, garbage, oil, and tires contribute significantly to this pollution. In Karachi, the natural southwestern winds from the sea often help filter and disperse these particles. However, during winter, these winds weaken, reducing their cleansing effect and allowing pollution to accumulate.
Health Risks and Urgent Need for Action
The high pollution levels have serious implications for public health, with residents exposed to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and other health risks. Long-term exposure to these conditions can lead to chronic illnesses, impacting overall life expectancy and quality of life.
Addressing this seasonal pollution crisis requires both immediate and long-term solutions. Authorities must enforce stricter regulations on industrial emissions and waste management practices. Public awareness campaigns can also encourage citizens to adopt cleaner energy sources and reduce waste. As winter approaches, Karachi and Lahore face an urgent need for sustainable measures to combat pollution and protect the health of millions.
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